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| 颐和园古油松健康评价及其对土壤肥力的响应 |
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韩红岩1, 付子豪2, 郭孜雪2, 王树标1, 赵晓燕1, 张欣瑞2, 艾春晓1, 于龙1, 胡增辉2,3, 刘悦秋2,3
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1.北京市颐和园管理处，北京 100091;2.北京农学院 园林学院，北京 102206;3.国家林业草原古树健康与古树文化工程技术研究中心，北京 102206
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】颐和园是著名的世界文化遗产，园内现存古树名木众多，构建科学的古树健康评价体系，探讨土壤条件对其健康的影响，为园内古树保护与可持续管理提供理论支撑与实践指导。【方法】以颐和园214株古油松为研究对象，选定倾斜程度等14项评价指标，综合运用层次分析（AHP）、主成分分析（PCA）和健康质量指数（HQI）评 价古油松健康状况，并在评价基础上选择不同健康状况古油松，测定其根际土壤有机质等10项土壤理化指标，分析古油松健康与土壤理化指标的相关性。【结果】①3 种评价方法的结果高度一致，颐和园古油松平均健康得分为80.4-83.1，其中健康古油松占64.02%，亚健康古油松占32.24%，较为衰弱的古油松占3.74%，无严重衰弱与濒临枯死等 级古油松。古油松14项评价指标得分较低的为树体倾斜（59.75）和树干空腐（67.65）。②颐和园古油松根部土壤pH范围为7.38-8.25，碱解氮含量（57.2 mg/kg）处于缺乏水平，有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾含量分别为18.21 g/kg、0.79 g/kg、0.44 g/kg和90.30 mg/kg，处于较缺乏水平。③古油松健康等级与土壤pH值、体积质量呈显著负相关，与有机 质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量呈显著正相关。【结论】成功构建了3种古油松健康评价体系，评价结果一致显 示颐和园古油松整体健康状况良好，健康和亚健康植株占比达96.26%；综合3种评价方法筛选出树木生活力、树干损 伤、根系裸露、树木病虫害和倾斜程度5个指标为古树评价的重要指标；古油松健康状况与根部土壤理化性质显著相 关，较为衰弱古油松立地土壤养分含量低，体积质量和pH高，显著不适宜古油松生长，需尽快进行土壤改良。 |
| 关键词: 颐和园 古油松 健康评价 层次分析法 主成分分析 健康质量指数 土壤肥力 |
| DOI：10. 13207/j. jnwafu. 2026. 12. 007 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:北京市科技计划项目（Z251100004525006）；颐和园开放课题（202401315） |
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| Health assessment of ancient Pinus tabuliformis in the Summer Palace and its response to soil fertility |
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HAN Hongyan1, FU Zihao2, GUO Zixue2, WANG Shubiao1, ZHAO Xiaoyan1, ZHANG Xinrui2, AI Chunxiao1, YU Long1, HU Zenghui2,3, LIU Yueqiu2,3
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1.The Summer Palace Management Office，Beijing 100091，China;2.School of Landscape Architecture，Beijing University of Agriculture，Beijing 102206，China;3.National Forestry and Grassland Ancient Tree Health and Ancient Tree Culture Engineering Technology Research Center，Beijing 102206，China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】As a renowned world cultural heritage site，the Summer Palace houses a large num-ber of ancient and famous trees. Establishing a scientific health assessment system for these ancient trees and ex-ploring the impact of soil conditions on their health can provide theoretical support and practical guidance for their conservation and sustainable management within the garden.【Method】Focusing on 214 ancient Pinus tabuliformis in the Summer Palace，this study selected fourteen evaluation indicators，including the degree of tilt，to conduct a comprehensive health assessment using three methods：analytic hierarchy process（AHP），principal component analysis（PCA），and health quality index（HQI）.Based on the assessment results，rhizosphere soil samples from ancient P.tabuliformis with varying health statuses were collected.Ten soil physical and chemical indicators，including organic matter，were measured to analyze the correlation between tree health and soil properties.【Result】① The results of the three evaluation methods were highly consistent. The average health score of the ancient P.tabuliformis in the Summer Palace ranged from 80.4 to 83.1.Of all sampled trees，64.02% were classified as healthy，32.24% as sub-healthy，and 3.74% as relatively weak，with no trees falling into severely weak or near-dead categories. The indicators with the lowest scores were tree tilt（59.75） and trunk hollowing/decay（67.65）. ② Rhizosphere soil pH of the ancient P.tabuliformis ranged from 7.38 to 8.25.The alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content was 57.2 mg/kg，indicating a deficient level. The average contents of organic matter，total nitrogen，total phosphorus，and available potassium were 18.21 g/kg，0.79 g/kg，0.44 g/kg，and 90.30 mg/kg，respectively，all at relatively deficient levels. ③ The health grade of the ancient P.tabuliformis showed a significant negative correlation with soil pH and bulk density，whereas it was significantly positively correlated with the contents of organic matter，total nitrogen，alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium.【Conclusion】The study successfully established three health assessment systems for ancient P.tabuliformis，all of which consistently indicated that the overall health status of the trees in the Summer Palace was good，with healthy and sub-healthy individuals accounting for 96.26% of the total. By synthesizing the three methods，five indicators were identified as crucial for health evaluation：tree vitality，trunk damage，root exposure，tree pests and diseases，and the degree of tilt. Furthermore，the health status of the ancient P.tabuliformis is significantly correlated with rhizosphere soil properties. Soils of weaker trees have lower nutrient content，higher bulk density，and higher pH，which are significantly unsuitable for the growth of P.tabuliformis，thus requiring prompt soil improvement. |
| Key words: Summer Palace ancient Pinus tabuliformis health assessment analytic hierarchy process prin‐cipal component analysis health quality index soil fertility |
