| 摘要: |
| 【目的】研究灾害性气象条件下不同秸秆还田方式和化肥投入水平对水稻生理性青枯病发病特征的影响，以探明秸秆还田、施肥与水稻生理性青枯病发生的关系。【方法】以2013年开始的长期定位试验田为研究区域，以“水稻 小麦”轮作制度为基础，采用裂区试验设计，设秸秆全量还田与秸秆移除2个因素，每个因素下设5个施肥水平（常规施肥量、常规施肥量85%、常规施肥量70%、常规施肥量50%、不施肥），共计10个处理，测定试验田2019－2021年水稻孕穗中后期至成熟期气象特征，统计2021年10月上旬水稻青枯病发生2 d后不同处理的青枯病丛发病率和株发病率，在水稻收获后测定了不同处理的土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量以及水稻产量、千粒质量以及品质（糙米率、精米率和整精米率），并对水稻青枯病发病率与施肥量、土壤肥力水平以及水稻产量和品质的相关性进行分析。【结果】2021年10月上旬发生的青枯病是水稻灌浆期3次持续性低温天气综合作用所致。相同的秸秆还田方式下，水稻青枯病丛发病率和株发病率均随着化肥投入量的提高而增大，其中常规施肥量+秸秆全量还田处理的水稻青枯病丛发病率和株发病率分别高达64.44%和60.33%。相同的化肥投入水平下，秸秆还田处理青枯病丛发病率、株发病率和土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量以及水稻产量较秸秆移除处理明显升高；相同的秸秆还田方式下，水稻千粒质量、糙米率、精米率和整精米率均随着化肥施用水平的提高先升高后降低。水稻青枯病发病率与施肥量、土壤肥力水平均呈显著或极显著正相关关系，水稻产量与青枯病发病率呈极显著正相关关系，千粒质量、糙米率、精米率、整精米率与水稻青枯病发病率均呈极显著负相关关系。【结论】在面临灾害性气象条件时，高土壤肥力水平、高化肥投入量更易诱发水稻青枯病，秸秆还田降低了水稻对青枯病的抗性，青枯病降低了稻谷的加工品质。 |
| 关键词: 水稻 生理性青枯病 秸秆还田 化肥施用量 土壤肥力水平 |
| DOI：10.13207/j.jnwafu.2026.02.014 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:山东省重点研发计划项目（2019GSF109078）；山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程项目（CXGC2021A34）；山东省现代农业产业技术体系项目（SDAIT-17-09） |
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| Effects of straw returning and fertilization on physiological bacterial wilt of rice under severe weather |
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ZHAO Qinglei, YANG Jun, LIU Qihua, JIANG Xu, SUN Zhaowen
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State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management/Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan,Shandong 250100,China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】The effects of different straw returning methods and fertilizer input levels on the pathogenic characteristics of rice physiological bacterial wilt were studied under disastrous meteorological conditions.The relationship between straw returning,fertilization and the occurrence of physiological bacterial wilt in rice was investigated.【Method】With a long-term positioning experimental field established in 2013 as the research site,this experiment was based on a rice-wheat rotation system and employed a split-plot design.Two factors were set:full return of straw and straw removal,and five fertilization levels were set for each factor:conventional fertilization amount,85% of conventional fertilization amount,70% of conventional fertilization amount,50% of conventional fertilization amount,and no fertilization,totaling 10 treatments.The meteorological characteristics of the experimental field from the middle and late booting stage to the maturity stage of rice in 2019-2021 were measured.After the occurrence of rice bacterial wilt in early October 2021,the disease incidence rate under different treatments was recorded two days after the occurrence.After the rice harvest,the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium,as well as the yield,1000-grain mass and quality (brown rice rate,milled rice rate and whole milled rice rate) of rice under different treatments were determined.The correlation between the incidence of rice bacterial wilt and fertilization amount,soil fertility level,rice yield and quality was analyzed.【Result】The bacterial wilt that occurred in early October 2021 was caused by the comprehensive effect of three consecutive periods of low temperature weather during the grain-filling stage of rice.Under the same straw returning mode,the cluster incidence rate and plant incidence rate of bacterial wilt increased with the increase of fertilizer input.Under conventional fertilizer application and total straw returning treatment,the cluster incidence rate and plant incidence rate of bacterial wilt were as high as 64.44% and 60.33%,respectively.Under the same fertilizer input level,the cluster incidence rate and plant incidence rate of bacterial wilt,soil organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium contents and rice yield of straw returning treatments were significantly increased compared with straw removal treatments.Under the same straw returning mode,1000-grain mass,brown rice rate,milled rice rate and whole milled rice rate all increased first and then decreased with the increase of fertilizer application level.The incidence of rice bacterial wilt was significantly positively correlated with the fertilizer application amount and the soil fertility level,the rice yield was significantly positively correlated with the incidence of bacterial wilt,and the 1 000-grain mass,the brown rice rate,the milled rice rate and the whole milled rice rate were significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of rice bacterial wilt.【Conclusion】Under disastrous meteorological conditions,high soil fertility and fertilizer input were more likely to induce rice bacterial wilt.Straw returning reduced rice resistance to bacterial wilt,and bacterial wilt reduced the rice processing quality. |
| Key words: rice physiological bacterial wilt straw returning to the field fertilizer application rate soil fertility level |
