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码上扫一扫！ |
| 甘肃静宁早熟苹果品种最佳采收期研究 |
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冯童1,2, 贺雅娟1,3, 马宗桓1,3, 毛娟1,3, 陈佰鸿1,3
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1.甘肃农业大学 园艺学院，甘肃 兰州 730070;2甘肃亚盛薯业集团有限责任公司，甘肃 兰州 730030;3.甘肃亚盛薯业集团有限责任公司，甘肃 兰州 730030
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】对甘肃静宁地区4个苹果品种在不同采收期的果实品质指标进行分析，明确各品种的最佳采收期，为苹果优质生产提供数据支撑。【方法】以甘肃静宁地区标准化果园管理条件下的‘嘎啦’‘美国8号’‘红露’和‘艾斯达’4个早熟苹果品种为研究对象，在果实进入成熟期（花后95 d）后每隔5 d取1次样，测算各时期单果质量、果实纵横径、果心大小、可食比、硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、可滴定酸、淀粉、总酚、花青素含量和糖酸组分及其含量等14项品质指标,并进行聚类分析。【结果】4个苹果品种单果质量和果实纵横径均随着采样期的推迟而增加，其中‘嘎啦’和‘美国8号’在花后125 d达到最大，单果质量和果实横径分别为166.33,229.23 g和74.90,86.34 mm；‘红露’和‘艾斯达’分别在花后120和135 d达到最大，单果质量和果实横径分别为207.97,307.90 g和75.49,94.10 mm。4种苹果果实果心在成熟过程中逐渐增大，但‘嘎啦’和‘美国8号’果心大小变化不显著。‘美国8号’和‘红露’在花后120 d可食比最大，而‘嘎啦’和‘艾斯达’可食比在果实成熟过程中无显著变化。随采收期的推迟，4个苹果品种果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和果皮花青素相对含量呈持续上升趋势，而果实硬度、可滴定酸、淀粉和果皮总酚含量持续下降。‘嘎啦’‘美国8号’‘红露’和‘艾斯达’果实中含有果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和山梨糖醇4种可溶性糖，其含量总体均随采收期的推迟而呈上升趋势，其中果糖在不同品种果实中含量最高，其甜度值分别在花后120，125，120和135 d达到最大值143.724，162.730，198.418和118.783。‘嘎啦’‘美国8号’‘红露’和‘艾斯达’果实中含有草酸、酒石酸、奎宁酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、乙酸、柠檬酸7种有机酸，其含量总体均随采收期的推迟而呈下降趋势，其中苹果酸含量占总酸量的70%以上，其总酸量均在花后125 d降到最低值，分别为2.253，1.477，0.558和1.452 mg/g；其甜度值/总酸量均在花后125 d达到最大值，分别为58.917，110.176，268.935和74.607。聚类分析发现，可选择可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量作为判断‘嘎啦’和‘艾斯达’果实成熟度的评价指标，可选择可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量作为判断‘美国8号’和‘红露’果实成熟度的评价指标。【结论】‘嘎啦’‘美国8号’和‘红露’的最佳采收期在花后115～120 d，此阶段其平均可溶性固形物含量分别为10.78%，11.83% 和14.04%，平均可滴定酸含量分别为4.84,6.19和3.99 mg/g；‘艾斯达’最佳采收期在花后130～135 d，此阶段其可溶性固形物含量为14%，可滴定酸含量为10 mg/g，平均抗坏血酸含量为0.025 mg/g。 |
| 关键词: 黄土高原；苹果栽培；果实品质 甘肃静宁 |
| DOI：10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2024.09.008 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFD1602106）；甘肃省科技重大专项（22ZD6NA045） |
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| Study of optimal harvesting periods for early-maturing apple varieties in Jingning,Gansu |
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FENG Tong,HE Yajuan,MA Zonghuan,MAO Juan,CHEN Baihong
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1.College of Horticulture,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China;2.Gansu Yasheng Potato Group CO.,LTD,Lanzhou,Gansu 730030,China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】This study analyzed the fruit quality indexes of 4 apple varieties in different harvesting periods in Jingning,Gansu to determine the best harvesting period of each variety and provide support for high-quality apple production.【Method】Four early-maturing apple varieties including ‘Gala’,‘American No.8’,‘Honglu’ and ‘Asda’ were selected under standardized orchard management in Jingning,and samples were taken every 5 days after fruits entered maturity stage (95 d after flowering).A total of 14 quality indexes including single fruit mass,fruit diameter,fruit core size,edible ratio,hardness, soluble solid,soluble sugar,soluble protein,titrable acid,starch,total phenol,anthocyanin content and contents of sugar and acid components were measured and analyzed in each period.【Result】Single fruit weight and transverse diameter of the four cultivars increased with the extension of sampling period.Single fruit weight and transverse diameter of ‘Gala’ and ‘American No.8’ fruits reached the maximum values of 166.33 and 229.23 g and 74.90 and 86.34 mm at 125 days after flowering.‘Honglu’ and ‘Asda’ fruits reached their maximum at 120 and 135 days after anthesis,with single fruit weight and transverse diameter of 207.97 and 307.90 g and 75.49 and 94.10 mm,respectively.Core sizes of apple fruits gradually increased during ripening,but those of ‘Gala’ and ‘American No.8’ did not change significantly.Edible ratios of ‘American No.8’ and ‘Honglu’ were the highest at 120 days after flowering,while those of ‘Gara’ and ‘Asda’ had no significant change during fruit ripening.With the increase of fruit maturity,contents of soluble solid,total soluble sugar,soluble protein and relative contents of anthocyanins in fruit peels of the four apple varieties continued to increase,while contents of fruit hardness,titrable acid,starch and total phenolic continued to decrease.Fruits of ‘Gala’,‘American No.8’,‘Honglu’ and ‘Asda’ contained four soluble sugar kinds of fructose,glucose,sucrose and sorbitol and their contents showed an increasing trend with the delay of harvesting,among which fructose had the highest values of 143.724,162.730,198.418 and 118.783 at 120,125,120 and 135 days after flowering,respectively.Fruits of ‘Gala’,‘American No.8’,‘Honglu’ and ‘Asda’ had seven organic acids of oxalic acid,tartaric acid,quinic acid,malic acid,ascorbic acid,acetic acid and citric acid and their contents showed a decreasing trend with the delay of harvesting.Malic acid content accounted for more than 70% of total acid,and total acid content dropped to the lowest values of 2.253,1.477,0.558 and 1.452 at 125 days after flowering.The maximum values of sweetness/total acid were 58.917,110.176,268.935 and 74.607 at 125 days after flowering,respectively.The cluster analysis showed that soluble solid,titrable acid and ascorbic acid contents could be selected as evaluation indexes to judge fruit maturity for ‘Gala’ and ‘Asda’,while soluble solid and titrable acid contents were selected for ‘Honglu’ and ‘American No.8’.【Conclusion】The best harvest time of ‘Gara’,‘American No.8’ and ‘Honglu’ was 115-120 days after flowering with average soluble solid contents of 10.78%,11.83% and 14.04%,and average titrable acid contents of 4.84,6.19 and 3.99 mg/g,respectively.The best harvest period of ‘Asda’ was 130-135 days after flowering with soluble solid content of 14%,titrable acid content of 10 mg/g and ascorbic acid content of 0.025 mg/g,respectively. |
| Key words: the Loess Plateau apples cultivation fruit quality Jingning,Gansu |
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