| 摘要: |
| 在年降水量415 mm的黄土高原中部黄绵土和年降水量632 mm的黄土高原南部红油土上，分别以春小麦和冬小麦为供试作物进行大田试验，研究地膜覆盖（春小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜30 d、覆膜60 d和全程覆膜4个水平；冬小麦设不覆膜、播种后覆膜75 d、覆膜150 d和全程覆膜4个水平）和施氮（春小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮75 kg 2个水平；冬小麦设不施氮和每公顷施氮225 kg 2个水平）对土壤水分、温度、氮素有效性、土壤中CO2和N2O释放量的影响。结果表明，在2年的春小麦试验中，覆膜对2 m深土层的贮水量基本没有影响，但能显著提高0～20 cm土层的含水量；覆膜对5 cm土层土壤温度的影响呈“U”型变化，即在作物生长前期和后期影响显著，中期影响较小；覆膜后虽然土壤微生物体氮有下降趋势，但由于覆膜能够增加土壤呼吸和有机氮的矿化，从而显著影响收获后0～100 cm土层中NO-3-N的累积。从2个施氮水平和底墒平均值看，1999年覆膜30，60 d和全程覆膜（126 d）处理土层中累积的NO-3-N分别比不覆膜的对照增加-23.0，-10.1和49.7 kg/hm2；2000年覆膜30,60 d和全程覆膜处理土层中累积的NO-3-N分别比不覆膜的对照增加4.6,-5.0和8.2 kg/hm2。可见，全生育期覆膜能够显著增加作物收获后土壤剖面中的残留NO-3-N。不同覆膜进程对作物收获后土壤剖面中的矿质氮，特别是NO-3-N累积量的影响程度不同，产生这一现象的主要原因与作物对NO-3-N的吸收和土壤中有机氮的矿化有关：一方面由于覆膜30 d或覆膜60 d处理促进了小麦生长和对NO-3-N的吸收；另一方面由于这2个处理在第30～90天（125 d）或第60～90天（125 d）时没有地膜覆盖，有机氮的矿化能力减弱，因此土壤剖面中矿质氮，特别是NO-3-N的累积量显著减少;而全程覆膜处理，由于播种后第60～90天（125 d）耕层土壤中的水分和温度条件较好，有利于有机氮的矿化，而在这一时期，小麦对NO-3-N的吸收能力减弱,需要量减少，因此在土壤剖面中大量累积矿质氮，特别是NO-3-N。对冬小麦试验的测定结果表明，地膜覆盖能够显著增加N2O释放通量，并且与小麦生育进程有关，不管覆盖地膜与否，田间N2O释放通量均在扬花期最高，成熟期最低；从全生育期平均看，在种植作物条件下，覆膜后N2O释放通量增加4.7 μg/(m2·h);在休闲条件下，覆膜后N2O释放通量增加10.4 μg/(m2·h)。显然，长期全程覆膜，对稳定或者维持土壤有机质有一定的负面效应，如土壤有机质的过分矿化，使土壤水稳性团粒、土壤中有机氮库、微生物数量和微生物体氮等减少，N2O释放通量和作物生长后期土壤剖面中NO-3-N残留累积量显著增加，同时，由于作物生长后期根系对养分的吸收利用能力减弱，土壤剖面中累积的NO-3-N非常容易通过淋溶和反硝化而损失。 |
| 关键词: 半干旱农田 生态系统 地膜覆盖 土壤生态效应 黄绵土 年降水量 大田试验 累积量 小麦 |
| DOI： |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(30230230,90102012)；2002年度教育部全国优秀青年教师资助项目（20022096）；中国科学院知识创新重要方向项目(KZCX-411)；黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金（10501-104） |
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| Soil ecological effects of plastic film mulching in semiarid agro-ecological system |
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| Abstract: |
| Field experiments have been carried out on Loess Plateau in middle part with 415 mm average precipitation and in south part with 632 mm precipitation per year.In these experiments,spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) have been used as indicating crops to study the effects of plastic film mulching (for spring wheat included no mulching,mulching for 30 days and 60 days after sowing,and mulching for the whole growth period,and for winter wheat included no mulching,mulching for 75 days and for 150 days after sowing,and mulching for the whole growth period) and nitrogen fertilizer application (for spring wheat including no nitrogen application and nitrogen application 75 kg N/hm2,and for winter wheat including no nitrogen application and nitrogen application 225 kg/hm2) on soil moisture,temperature,nitrogen availability,the flux of CO2 and N2O in soil.The results showed that,in 2 years experiment on spring wheat,plastic film mulching almost didn’t affect the soil water storage amount in 2 m soil layer,but could increase the soil water content in 0-20 cm layer significantly;and the effect of plastic film mulching on soil temperature in 5 cm layer changes as the “U” pattern,that is,the effect was significant at early and latter growth stage,and was insignificant at middle growth stage;plastic film mulching decreased the soil microbial biomass nitrogen,but increased the soil respiration and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen,so it could significantly affect the accumulation of residual NO-3-N in 0-100 cm layers after harvest:the averages of the soil storage water amount before sowing of 2 levels of nitrogen application showed that the accumulation of NO-3-N respectively increased by -23.0,-10.1 and 49.7 kg/hm2 in treatments of mulching for 30 days,60 days and the whole growing period (126 d) than CK of no mulching in 1999;Under the same condition,in 2000,it’s respectively increased by 4.6,-5.0 and 8.2 kg/hm2,so it was obvious that plastic film mulching for the whole growing period increased the amount of residual NO-3-N in soil profile after harvest.The effect of different mulching course on the mineralization nitrogen in the soil profile after harvest were different,especially on the accumulation of NO-3-N,the main reasons of resulted in this phenomenon was related to the uptake of NO-3-N by crops and the mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil:to mulching for 30 days and 60 days,these treatments improved the growing of wheat and the uptake of wheat for NO-3-N,but due to the 2 treatments had no mulching between 30-90 days (125 d) and 60-90 days (125 d),the products of organic nitrogen mineralization was reduced,especial the amount of NO-3-N in soil profile are significantly reduced;but to film mulching for the whole growing period,the soil moisture and temperature condition were better in 60-90 day’s (125 d) in tillage layer,and it was benefit to the mineralization of organic nitrogen,and at this stage,the uptake ability and requirement amount of wheat on the accumulation amount of NO-3-N became weak,so the amount of residual NO-3-N in soil profile was accumulated.The determining results showed that the film mulching can significantly increase the flux of N2O,and also is related to the growth course of wheat.The results of experiment on winter wheat shows that,either mulching or no mulching,the flux of N2O in field is the highest at the flowering stage and is the lowest at the ripening stage;film mulching could increase the flux of N2O,the average of the whole growth period showed that,under the cultivated condition,the flux of N2O was increased by 4.7 μg/(m2·h) after mulching,while under the fallow condition,it was increased by 10.4 μg/(m2·h).Obviously,the long term mulching for the whole growing period has the negative effect on stabilizing or maintaining the soil organic matter,such as the excessively mineralizing of the soil organic matter.The soil organic nitrogen pool,microbial biomass,microbial nitrogen and other factors have been decreased,and the flux of N2O and the accumulation of residual of NO-3-N in soil profile at the latter growth stage have been significantly increased.Simultaneously,due to the absorbing and weakening assimilating power of root for nutrients at latter growth stage,the accumulated NO-3-N in soil profile are easily to be lost through leaching and denitrification. |
| Key words: semi-arid agro-ecological system plastic film mulching soil nutrient accumulation of nitrate nitrogen |
