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| 微生物菌剂对退砂地土壤改良及西瓜品质的调控作用 |
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罗雁馨1, 曹行行2, 沈婷婷1, 宋佳伟1, 王欣怡1, 张雪艳1
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1.宁夏大学 葡萄酒与园艺学院，宁夏 银川 750021;2.银川市农业技术推广服务中心，宁夏 银川 750021
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| 摘要: |
| 【目的】研究不同类型微生物菌剂对退砂地土壤的改良作用及对西瓜生长的影响，为退砂地西瓜的高效种植提供理论和技术参考。【方法】2023年5－8月,在宁夏中卫市沙坡头区香山乡，以‘金城5号’西瓜品种为研究对象，采用田间试验，在退砂地土壤上以常规施用有机肥但不施用微生物菌剂为对照（CK），设置单一施用碱保菌剂（JB）、复合菌剂（FH）、中草药菌剂（ZY）和木霉菌剂（MM）等4个施用微生物菌剂处理，测定土壤理化性质（pH、电导率（EC）、有机质、总氮、碳氮比、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量）、土壤微生物组成（细菌、真菌和放线菌数量）、土壤酶（碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶）活性，并测定西瓜植株生长指标（茎粗相对生长率、蔓长相对生长率、叶面积指数、根冠比、总生物量和产量）和光合指标（净光合速率、蒸腾速率），以及西瓜果实品质（中心和边缘可溶性固形物、可溶性糖及果实有机酸、硝酸盐、维生素C含量和糖酸比），记录并分析白粉病、蔓枯病、西瓜疫病和细菌性果斑病等田间病害状况（病情指数），采用SEM结构方程评估不同菌剂对退砂地土壤改良和西瓜植株生长及其品质的影响。【结果】与常规对照（CK）相比，施用微生物菌剂均可以降低土壤pH并显著提升EC。综合而言，复合菌剂（FH）处理对退砂地土壤的改良效果最好，对西瓜产量、品质的促进作用最强，与对照相比，复合菌剂（FH）处理使土壤速效钾含量、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性、微生物量碳含量、微生物量氮含量分别显著提高了21.65%，77.58%，52.78%，106.19%和81.57%，使西瓜植株净光合速率、蒸腾速率、蔓长相对生长率、总生物量、产量、糖酸比、中心及边缘可溶性糖含量分别提升了13.57%，92.09%，16.70%，30.43%，4.46%，18.30%，18.28%和28.27%，使白粉病病情指数显著降低了38.86%；木霉菌剂（MM）处理使土壤速效钾含量显著提高了21.65%，果实中心和边缘可溶性固形物含量分别提升了9.49%和11.73%，西瓜疫病、蔓枯病和细菌性果斑病病情指数分别降低了41.82%，37.70%和39.43%；碱保菌剂（JB）处理使土壤微生物量碳和微生物氮含量分别显著提升了113.47%和78.43%。SEM综合分析表明，菌剂施用量与土壤养分和微生物组成、光合指标呈正效应，效应系数分别为0.674，0.469和0.454；与田间病害状况呈负效应（－0.064）；土壤养分和微生物组成与西瓜植株的光合指标（0.163）、生物量（0.442）和果实品质（0.045）呈正效应，而与田间病害（－0.808）呈负效应。【结论】施用复合菌剂（FH）在改善退砂地土壤条件、促进西瓜光合作用和生长、降低田间病害发生以及提升西瓜产量和品质等方面综合表现最为显著，是退砂地西瓜种植的有效生物改良策略之一。 |
| 关键词: 退砂地 西瓜 微生物菌剂 土壤改良 |
| DOI：10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2025.11.008 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2022BBF02024)；中央引导地方科技发展专项(2023FRD05033)；宁夏冷凉蔬菜高效生产和特色瓜菜种质利用科技创新团队项目（2024CXTD010） |
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| Effects of microbial agents on the amelioration of sand removal land and regulation of watermelon quality |
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LUO Yanxin1, CAO Hanghang2, SHEN Tingting1, SONG Jiawei1, WANG Xinyi1, ZHANG Xueyan1
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1.School of Enology and Horticulture,Ningxia University,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021，China;2.Yinchuan Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Yinchuan,Ningxia 750021，China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the effects of different types of microbial agents on improving sand removal land and their impacts on watermelon growth,to provide theoretical and technical guidance for efficient watermelon cultivation in sand removal land.【Method】A field experiment was conducted on the watermelon variety ‘Jincheng No.5’ from May to August 2023,in sand removal land in Xiangshan Township,Shapotou District,Zhongwei City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.A control treatment (CK) with conventional organic fertilizer application but no microbial agents was established.Four microbial agent treatments were set up:single application of saline and alkali resistant microbial agent (JB),compound microbial agent (FH),Chinese herbal microbial agent (ZY),and Trichoderma microbial agent (MM).The following parameters were measured:soil physicochemical properties (pH,EC,organic matter,total nitrogen,carbon-to-nitrogen ratio,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen),soil microbial composition (counts of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes),soil enzyme activitywere (alkaline phosphatase,sucrase,urease,and catalase activities) were determined.Additionally,growth indicators of watermelon plants were measured,including relative growth rates of stem diameter and vine length,leaf area index,root-to-shoot ratio, total biomass,and yield.Photosynthesis parameters (net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate) and fruit quality traits (the content of soluble solid in the center and edges, soluble sugars in the center and edges,organic acids,sugar-to-acid ratio,nitrate,and vitamin C) were analyzed.Field disease occurrence (powdery mildew,gummy stem blight,watermelon phytophth blight,and bacterial fruit blotch) were recorded and assessed using disease severity indices.SEM structural equation modeling was employed to evaluate the effects of different microbial agents on degraded soil improvement,watermelon plant growth,and fruit quality.【Result】Compared to the conventional control (CK),the application of microbial agents significantly reduced soil pH and increased electrical conductivity (EC).Among all treatments,the composite microbial agent (FH) demonstrated the most pronounced improvement in sand removal land and the highest promotion effects on watermelon yield and quality.Specifically,FH treatment significantly increased the available potassium content,urease activity,alkaline phosphatase activity,microbial biomass carbon,and microbial biomass nitrogen by 21.65%，77.58%，52.78%，106.19% and 81.57%,respectively.Additionally,FH treatment enhanced the net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,relative growth rate of vine length,total biomass,yield of watermelon plants,the sugar-to-acid ratio,and soluble solid sugar content in the center/edges of watermelon fruits by 13.57%,92.09%,16.70%,30.43%,4.46%,18.30%,18.28% and 28.27%,respectively.Furthermore,it significantly reduced the disease index of powdery mildew by 38.86% compared to CK.The Trichoderma agent (MM) significantly increased the available potassium content by 21.65%,enhanced the soluble solid content in the center/edges by 9.49% and 11.73%,and reduced the disease indexes of watermelon phytophth blight,gummy stem blight,and bacterial fruit blotch by 41.82%,37.70%,and 39.43%.The saline and alkali resistant microbial agent (JB) significantly increased microbial biomass carbon by 113.47% and microbial nitrogen by 78.43%.SEM comprehensive analysis revealed that the application of microbial agents had a positive effect on soil nutrients,microbial composition,photosynthetic indicators,with effect coefficients of 0.674,0.469,and 0.454,respectively;whereas negatively affected field disease by －0.064.Soil nutrients and microbial composition exhibited positive effects on watermelon plant photosynthetic parameters (path coefficient=0.163),biomass (path coefficient=0.442),and fruit quality (path coefficient=0.045),but had a negative effect on field disease (path coefficient=-0.808).【Conclusion】The compound microbial agent (FH) showed the most significant comprehensive effects on ameliorating soil conditions in sand removal land,promoting watermelon photosynthesis and growth,reducing field disease occurrence,and enhancing watermelon yield and quality. |
| Key words: sand removal land watermelon microbial agents soil amelioration |
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