| 摘要: |
| 【目的】采用不同配方营养液浇灌番茄，以产量、品质及养分吸收利用率为依据，探究番茄优质高产的最佳有机营养液配方。【方法】以“佳西娜”串番茄为供试材料，配制3种有机营养液：配方1.猪、牛、羊粪浸提液体积比2∶1∶1，稀释3.93倍；配方2.猪、牛、羊粪浸提液体积比1∶2∶1，稀释2.93倍；配方3.猪、牛、羊粪浸提液体积比1∶1∶2，稀释2.85倍。试验设置有机基质栽培分别浇灌上述3种配方营养液的T1、T2和T3处理，并以有机基质栽培浇灌山崎营养液为对照1（CK1），以土壤栽培浇灌山崎营养液为对照2（CK2）。于番茄开花坐果期、果实膨大期、采收期测定叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和叶绿素含量；在番茄果实最后一次采收后统计总产量；在盛果期取样测算单果质量及外观品质（果形指数、颜色指数）、口感品质（果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、有机酸含量、糖酸比）和营养品质（可溶性蛋白、VC、还原性糖、可溶性总糖、番茄红素和硝酸盐含量）相关指标，采用主成分分析法综合评价番茄各品质指标；分别在番茄一、二、三穗果采收期取样测定果实全氮、全磷和全钾含量，并计算果实氮、磷、钾肥利用率。【结果】随着生育期的推进，各处理Pn和Tr呈逐渐降低趋势，但3个有机营养液处理降幅小，在进入果实膨大期后开始接近或超过CK1和CK2，以T2处理的Pn和Tr最高；各处理叶绿素含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，3个有机营养液处理也在进入果实膨大期后接近或超过CK1和CK2，以T2处理最高。与CK1和CK2相比，3个有机营养液处理番茄的单果质量较小，单株产量和单位面积产量差异不显著。果形指数、颜色指数和有机酸含量在各处理间差异不显著，但有机营养液处理可以促进番茄果实着色；除T2处理外，T1、T3处理的番茄果实硬度和VC含量均低于CK1和CK2；但3个有机营养液处理的番茄果实糖酸比及可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白、番茄红素和可溶性总糖含量均高于CK1和CK2，其中T2处理的可溶性蛋白和番茄红素含量比其他处理分别高出12.9%～18.0%及12.7%～52.4%，T3处理的可溶性总糖含量显著高于其他处理10.4%～98.7%；另外，有机营养液处理显著降低了番茄果实的硝酸盐含量，T1处理的硝酸盐含量比其他处理低14.7%～68.4%，其次是T2处理。主成分分析结果表明，各处理番茄综合品质评价排序为T2＞T1＞T3＞CK1＞CK2。3个有机营养液处理番茄一、二、三穗果的氮、磷、钾含量及养分利用率大多高于CK1和CK2，除钾肥利用率以T3处理最高外，果实氮、磷、钾含量及氮、磷肥利用率均以T2处理最高。【结论】综合考虑番茄光合特性、产量、品质及养分利用率，T2处理种植效果最好，可获得优质高产有机番茄。 |
| 关键词: 番茄栽培 光合作用 番茄品质 养分利用率 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:陕西省重点研发计划项目（2019TSLNY01-01） |
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| Effects of different nutrient solutions on yield,quality and nutrient absorption of greenhouse tomatoes |
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FAN Binghua,MA Lele,LI Jianming
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】Tomato was irrigated with different formula nutrient solutions,and the best formula for organic nutrient solution was explored based on yield,quality and nutrient absorption and utilization rate.【Method】Three kinds of organic nutrient solutions were prepared and applied to “Jiasina” ske wer tomato including organic nutrient solution 1 with extracts of pig,cattle and sheep dung in a volume ratio of 2∶1∶1 after 3.93 times dilution,organic nutrient solution 2 with mixing ratio of 1∶2∶1 after 2.93 times dilution and organic nutrient solution 3 with mixing ratio of 1∶1∶2 after 2.85 times dilution.The experiments were set up as T1,T2 and T3 treatments with above three solutions,while organic substrate cultivation with Yamazaki nutrient solution was used as control 1 (CK1) and soil cultivation with Yamazaki nutrient solution was used as control 2 (CK2).Net photosynthetic rate (Pn),transpiration rate (Tr) and chlorophyll content of leaves during flowering and fruit setting period,fruit expansion period and harvest period were measured,and total yield after last harvest was calculated.During full fruit periods,single fruit and appearance quality (fruit shape index and color index),taste quality (fruit hardness,soluble solid content,organic acid content and sugar acid ratio) and nutritional quality (soluble protein,Vc,reducing sugar,soluble total sugar,lycopene and nitrate) were determined.The principal component analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate these quality indicators.Total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium contents of fruit and fruit utilization rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were also determined based on samples taken during the harvest of one,two and three ears.【Result】As the growth period progressed,Pn and Tr of each treatment decreased gradually,but the reductions were small in treatments with organic nutrient solutions.During fruit expansion period,they were close to or exceeded CK1 and CK2 with the highest Pn and Tr in T2 treatment.The chlorophyll content of each treatment increased first and then decreased.The values in organic nutrient solution treatments were also close to or higher than CK1 and CK2 during fruit swelling period with the highest in T2 treatment.Compared with CK1 and CK2,single fruit quality of organic nutrient solution treatments was lower,and yield per plant and yield per unit area were insignificantly different.Fruit shape index,color index and organic acid contents were not significantly different among treatments,but fruit coloring was promoted by treatments.Except for T2 treatment,tomato fruit hardness and Vc content of T1 and T3 treatments were lower than CK1 and CK2.Sugar-acid ratio and contents of soluble solids,soluble protein,lycopene and total soluble sugar in organic nutrient solution treatments were higher than those of CK1 and CK2.For example,soluble protein and lycopene contents of T2 treatment were 12.9%-18.0% and 12.7%-52.4% higher than other treatments.The total soluble sugar content of T3 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments by 10.4% to 98.7%.In addition,organic nutrient solution significantly reduced nitrate content of tomato fruits.The nitrate content of T1 treatment was 14.7%-68.4% lower than other treatments,followed by T2 treatment.Overall quality evaluation of tomatoes in each treatment was in the rank of T2>T1>T3>CK1>CK2.The contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium and nutrient utilization rate of tomatoes treated by organic nutrient solution were mostly higher than those of CK1 and CK2.T3 treatment had the highest potassium utilization rate,while T2 treatment had the highest fruit nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium contents and the highest utilization rates of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.【Conclusion】Considering photosynthetic characteristics,yield,quality and nutrient utilization of tomatoes,the T2 treatment of all organic planting mode of organic substrate cultivation with organic nutrient solution 2 had the best planting effect. |
| Key words: tomato cultivation photosynthesis tomato quality nutrient utilization |
