| 摘要: |
| 【目的】探讨关中平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作模式下，水分优化、养分优化以及生物炭对作物产量、氮效率和氮素淋失的影响。【方法】2016-2018年，利用田间渗漏池试验，设计习惯水肥1（CP1）、习惯水肥2（CP2）、灌水优化（CP1-W）、养分优化（CP1-F）、水分养分优化（OPT）、习惯水肥2+生物炭（CP2+B）以及水分养分优化+生物炭（OPT+B）7个处理，测定2016-2017，2017-2018年不同处理的作物产量、氮肥偏生产力、氮素淋失的变化。【结果】与CP1处理相比，CP1-W、CP1-F和OPT处理未显著影响作物总产量，但是CP1-F和OPT处理显著降低了第二个轮作年（2017-2018年）小麦产量。就2个轮作年而言，CP1-F和OPT较CP1处理总体上显著增加了氮肥偏生产力，平均增幅分别为33.6%和21.7%。在2016-2017和2017-2018两个轮作年，CP1-W、CP1-F和OPT处理的TN淋失量均降低，其中OPT处理显著降低2个轮作年硝态氮（NO-3-N）和总氮（TN）淋失量。在2个轮作年，与CP2处理相比，CP2+B处理显著提高了作物总产量和氮肥偏生产力，显著降低TN淋失量。与OPT处理相比，OPT+B处理未能显著影响作物总产量和氮肥偏生产力，但显著降低了TN淋失量。【结论】陕西关中平原农户水肥施用过量，在习惯水肥的基础上合理调控水肥，可以保证作物产量，提高氮肥利用率，降低氮素淋失量，而施用生物炭的效应不明显。 |
| 关键词: 水肥调控 生物炭 作物产量 氮肥偏生产力 氮素淋失 |
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| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目“汾渭平原小麦化肥农药减施技术集成研究与示范”（2018YFD0200404）,“褐土区氮磷淋溶阻控机制与措施研究”（2016YFD0800105） |
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| Responses of crop yield,nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen leaching to water nutrient management and biochar application |
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LU Huiyu,DU Wenting,ZHANG Hongtao,et al
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】This study aimed to understand the effects of water and nutrient optimization and biochar application on crop yield,nitrogen (N) use efficiency and nitrogen leaching losses under winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in the Guanzhong Plain.【Method】A field lysimeter experiment was carried out in 2016-2018 with seven treatments of conventional practice 1 (CP1), conventional practice 2 (CP2),CP1 combined with reduced water supply (CP1-W),CP1 combined with reduced nutrient supply (CP1-F),CP1 combined with reduced both water and nutrient supplies (OPT),CP2 plus biochar application (CP2+B),and OPT plus biochar application (OPT+B).Crop yield,nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen leaching loss during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 were measured and analyzed.【Result】The CP1-W,CP1-F and OPT treatments had no significant effect on crop total yield,but CP1-F and OPT treatments significantly reduced wheat yield in the second year (2017-2018) compared with CP1 treatment.For both years,CP1-F and OPT treatments significantly increased partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) compared with CP1 treatment by 33.6% and 21.7%,respectively.The CP1-W,CP1-F and OPT treatments reduced TN leaching losses,and OPT treatment significantly reduced nitrate-N (NO-3-N) and TN leaching losses in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018.CP2+B treatment significantly increased total crop yield and PFPN,while significantly reduced total N leaching loss compared with CP2 treatment.The OPT+B treatment had no significant effect on total crop yield and PFPN, but significantly reduced total N leaching losses compared with the OPT treatment.【Conclusion】Excessive application of water and fertilizers in Guanzhong Plain should be optimized with water and fertilizer management to ensure crop yield,improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce nitrogen leaching losses.The effect of biochar application was insignificant. |
| Key words: water and fertilizer optimization biochar crop yield nitrogen use efficiency N leaching loss |
