| 摘要: |
| 【目的】探究在“农作物秸秆饲养-基质发酵-食用菌栽培”过程中抗生素（莫能菌素）对氮转化及农业废弃物综合利用效率的影响，为种养结合综合利用体系及农业废弃物综合利用提供理论基础。【方法】选取吉林省辽源县一处肉牛养殖场的30头肉牛，随机均分为2组，饲喂60 d，其中一组饲料中加入抗生素莫能菌素（RA），一组不添加（RN），收集2组肉牛粪便，分别与水稻秸秆混合后发酵35 d，发酵产物作为基质栽培双孢菇。发酵过程中测定NH3和N2O的排放情况；在发酵和栽培过程中，测定基质总氮量，同时测定基质含水量、温度、C/N、pH以及脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶活性，利用16S rRNA和ITS测序来表征发酵基质中的细菌和真菌种群组成；测定双孢菇子实体产量和总氮含量，探究基质发酵和双孢菇栽培过程中抗生素对氮素转移及氮回收的影响。【结果】在发酵阶段，基质中残留的抗生素未改变基质温度、含水量、C/N的变化趋势，但高温期平均温度下降了1.1 ℃，NH3和N2O排放量降低，更多的氮留在了基质中（RN处理的氮保留率为39.58%，RA处理为43.23%），抗生素抑制了氮素的转移。相比RN处理，RA处理发酵后基质理化性质不利于双孢菇菌丝生长。残留的抗生素使RA处理初始脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶活性高于RN处理(P<0.05)，发酵开始后RA处理基质中的脲酶和硝酸盐还原酶活性低于RN处理，亚硝酸盐还原酶活性仍高于RN处理；栽培结束后，RA处理的脲酶活性高于RN处理，硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶活性仍低于RN处理。在双孢菇栽培阶段，基质中残留的抗生素影响了双孢菇菌丝的生长，提高了基质的含水量和pH，在开始出菇前基质的C/N降低，最终双孢菇产量降低，氮回收率从0.17%（RN处理）下降至0.11%（RA处理）。发酵结束后，残留的抗生素使变形菌门和拟杆菌门细菌及海杆菌属细菌、Mycothermus属真菌的相对丰度降低，厚壁菌门和放线菌门细菌及假小蜜环菌属真菌的相对丰度升高。【结论】基质中残留的抗生素抑制了氮素的转化，更多的氮保留在基质中，影响了双孢菇生长，降低了氮转化率。 |
| 关键词: 抗生素 废弃物利用 基质发酵 微生物群落 氮素转移 双孢菇栽培 |
| DOI：10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2025.01.014 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFD1500505-01)；吉林省与中国科学院科技合作高技术产业化专项（2022SYHZ0020）；吉林省重大科技专项（YDZJ202203CGZH045)；吉林省创新创业人才项目（2023QN20） |
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| Effects of antibiotic on nitrogen transformation during substrate fermentation and edible fungi cultivation |
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WANG Fei1,2, HAN Yujie1,3, FANG Yi1, XIANG Hai1,3, GU Yue4, CHANG Xiao1,3, ZHONG Rongzhen1
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1.Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Grassland Farming,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun，Jilin 130102,China;2.Mudanjiang Branch of Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Mudanjiang，Heilongjiang
157041,China;3.College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;4.Zhenlai County Hehe Animal Husbandry Development Co.,Ltd，Baicheng，Jilin 137300,China
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】This study explored the effects of antibiotics (monensin) on nitrogen conversion and comprehensive utilization efficiency of agricultural waste in the process of crop straw feeding-substrate fermentation-edible fungus cultivation to provide basis for comprehensive utilization system of planting and breeding and utilization of agricultural waste.【Method】Thirty beef cattle from a farm in Liaoyuan,Jilin were randomly divided into two groups and fed for 60 days.Feed of one group was added with antibiotic monensin (RA),while the other group was not added (RN).Beef cattle manure was collected and mixed with rice straw for fermentation for 35 days.Emissions of NH3 and N2O were measured during the fermentation process.During fermentation and cultivation,total nitrogen content of the substrate was also determined.The effects of antibiotics on nitrogen transfer and nitrogen recovery during substrate fermentation and Agaricus bisporus cultivation were investigated by measuring yield and total nitrogen content of A. bisporus fruiting body.Water content,temperature,C/N,pH,urease,nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities of the substrate during fermentation and A. bisporus cultivation were measured.The 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing were used to characterize bacterial and fungal population composition in the fermentation substrate.【Result】In the fermentation stage,residual antibiotics in the substrate did not change the trends of substrate temperature,water content and C/N,but average temperature in the high temperature period decreased by 1.1 ℃ and emissions of NH3 and N2O decreased.More nitrogen remained in the substrate (nitrogen retention rate of RN and RA treatments were 39.58% and 43.23%,respectively) and antibiotics inhibited nitrogen transfer.Compared with RN treatment,physical and chemical properties of the substrate after RA treatment were not conducive to the growth of A. bisporus mycelium.The initial activities of urease, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in RA treatment were higher than those in RN treatment (P<0.05).After the start of fermentation,the activities of urease and nitrate reductase in RA treatment were lower than those in RN treatment,and the activity of nitrite reductase was still higher than that in RN treatment.After the end of cultivation,the urease activity of RA treatment exceeded that of RN treatment,and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were still lower than those of RN treatment.In the cultivation stage of A.bisporus,residual antibiotics in the substrate affected the growth of A. bisporus mycelium,increased water content and pH of the substrate, decreased the C/N of the substrate before the beginning of fruiting,and finally decreased the yield of A.bisporus.The nitrogen recovery rate decreased from 0.17% (RN) to 0.11% (RA).After the fermentation process,the relative abundance of phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota and that of genus Marinobacter and Mycothermus was decreased,while that of phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota and genus Pseudoarmillariella was increased.【Conclusion】Residual antibiotics in the substrate inhibited the transformation of nitrogen and more nitrogen remained in the substrate,which affected the growth of A. bisporus and reduced nitrogen conversion. |
| Key words: antibiotic waste reuse substrate fermentation microbial community nitrogen transformation Agaricus bisporus cultivation |
