| 摘要: |
| 【目的】明确不同灌溉量和灌溉频率以及二者交互作用对番茄根系生长发育和营养元素吸收的影响，探究二者调节番茄产量和水分利用效率的机制。【方法】试验在塑料大棚内进行，以金棚14-8番茄为试材，用20 cm标准蒸发皿累积蒸发量（AE）作为灌溉依据，设置低量（0.8AE）、中量（1.0AE）和高量（1.2AE） 3种灌溉量，以蒸发皿累积蒸发量分别达到(10±2) mm时灌水（高频）和(20±2) mm时灌水（低频） 2种灌溉频率，共6个处理。通过测定灌溉前后土壤体积含水量，番茄的根长、根表面积、根体积、根系活力，植株不同器官干鲜质量，产量及植物营养元素累积量等指标，综合分析各指标间的相关性以及番茄根系生长、产量、水分利用效率和营养元素吸收对灌溉量与灌溉频率的响应。【结果】灌溉量和灌溉频率对灌溉前后0～40 cm土层的土壤体积含水量、根系形态指标和根系活力均有显著影响，二者的交互作用对番茄果实膨大期的根长、根体积以及开花坐果期和果实膨大期的根系活力有显著影响。从开花坐果期到果实成熟期，番茄的根长、根表面积、根体积及G1根（根直径≤0.5 mm）、G2根（根直径＞0.5 mm~≤2 mm）和G3根（根直径＞2 mm）总长不断增加。在果实成熟期，高量高频处理的番茄根长（3 522.16 cm）、根表面积（984.35 cm2）、G1根总长（2 458.53 cm）、G2根总长（1 023.25 cm）最大，高量低频处理的番茄根体积（24.35 cm3）最大。从开花坐果期到果实成熟期，番茄根系活力不断降低，开花坐果期高量低频处理番茄的根系活力最强（根系活力为211.91 mg/(g·h）），果实成熟期不同处理的根系活力差异不显著。降低灌溉量可以提高番茄果实鲜质量占比，果实成熟期低量低频处理的番茄果实鲜质量占比最大（64.74%），但不同处理间果实干质量占比差异不显著，随着生育期推进，根、茎、叶的干鲜质量占比逐渐下降。增加灌溉量可以提高番茄植株K、N、P 3种元素累积量，高量高频处理的番茄K（6 687.22 mg/株）、N（7 220.38 mg/株）、P（2 006.84 mg/株）累积量最高，分别较其他处理提高了1.89%～26.57%，6.63%～35.40%，8.92%～33.97%。灌溉量和灌溉频率对番茄果实产量和水分利用效率有显著影响，二者的交互作用对番茄果实产量有显著影响。在所有处理中，高量高频处理的番茄果实产量最高（93.93 t/hm2），较其他处理提高了8.68%～34.47%；低量高频处理的番茄水分利用效率（31.33 kg/m3）最高，较其他处理提高了2.62%～23.54%。根系形态指标中的根长、根表面积、G1根总长、G2根总长与植株全K、全N、全P累积量和番茄产量呈显著正相关。【结论】高量高频灌溉可以提高番茄果实膨大期和成熟期的根长、根表面积、根体积、G1根总长和G2根总长，优化根系结构，提高番茄吸收水分和营养元素的能力，最终获得了最大的番茄果实产量和较高的水分利用效率。 |
| 关键词: 灌溉量 灌溉频率 番茄栽培 番茄产量 营养元素 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:陕西省农业协同创新与推广联盟重点项目（LMZD202202）；陕西省技术创新引导专项（基金）（2021QFY08-04） |
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| Effects of irrigation amount and frequency on root growth,yield and nutrient element absorption of tomato |
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XIANG Lingxiao,ZHANG Junwei,LI Jianming
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】This study clarified the effects of different irrigation amounts and frequencies and their interaction on growth of tomato roots and absorption of nutrient elements and explored the mechanism of regulating tomato yield and water use efficiency.【Method】This experiment was conducted in a plastic greenhouse with Jinpeng 14-8 tomato using cumulative evaporation of 20 cm standard pan (AE) as basis.Three irrigation rates were low (0.8AE),medium (1.0AE) and high (1.2AE) and two irrigation frequencies of high and low were applied when the pan cumulative evaporation reached (10±2) mm and (20±2) mm,respectively.There were a total of 6 treatments.Soil volumetric water content,tomato root length,root surface area,root volume,root vitality,proportion of dry and fresh mass in different organs of plants,yield and plant nutrient element accumulation before and after irrigation were measured.The correlations among all indexes and the responses of tomato root growth,yield,water use efficiency and element absorption to irrigation amount and frequency were comprehensively analyzed.【Result】Irrigation amount and frequency had significant effects on soil volumetric water content of 0-40 cm,root morphological indexes and root activity,and their interaction had significant effects on root length and root volume in tomato fruit expansion stage and root activity in flowering and fruiting stage and fruit expansion stage.From flowering and fruiting stage to fruit maturity stage,root length,root surface area,root volume,total length of G1 root (root diameter ≤0.5 mm),G2 root (root diameter＞0.5 mm-≤2 mm) and G3 root (root diameter＞2 mm) increased.At fruit maturity stage,root length (3 522.16 cm),root surface area (984.35 cm2),length of G1 root (2 458.53 cm) and length of G2 root (1 023.25 cm) of high amount and high frequency treatment were the largest,while root volume (24.35 cm3) of high amount and low frequency treatment was the largest.From flowering fruit-bearing stage to maturity,fruit tomato root vigor decreased with the highest root activity of 211.91 mg/(g·h) in the flowering and fruiting stage of high amount and low frequency treatment.Root activity in fruit maturation stage among treatments had no significant differences.The ratio of fresh fruit mass was increased by reducing irrigation amount,with the largest ratio of fresh fruit mass (64.74%) in low amount and low frequency treatment at fruit maturity,where there was no significant difference between different treatments.Ratios of dry and fresh mass of roots,stems and leaves decreased gradually with the development of growth period.The accumulation of K,N and P in tomato plants was increased by increasing irrigation amount with the highest K (6 687.22 mg/plant),N (7 220.38 mg/plant) and P (2 006.84 mg/plant) accumulation in high amount and high frequency treatment,and they were 1.89%-26.57%,6.63%-35.40% and 8.92%-33.97% higher than other treatments,respectively.Irrigation amount and frequency had significant effects on tomato fruit yield and water use efficiency,and their interaction had significant effects on tomato fruit yield.The fruit yield of tomato was the highest (93.93 t/hm2) in high amount and high frequency treatment,which was 8.68%-34.47% higher than other treatments.The highest water use efficiency (31.33 kg/m3) was in low amount and high frequency treatment,which was 2.62%-23.54% higher than other treatments.Root morphological indices (root length,root surface area, root volume,total length of G1 root and total length of G2 root) had significantly positive correlation with total K,N and P accumulation and yield.【Conclusion】High amount and high frequency irrigation improved root length,root surface area,root volume,G1 root length and G2 root length of tomato at the fruit expanding and maturing stages,optimized root structure and improved the ability to absorb water and nutrients,leading to maximum yield and high water use efficiency. |
| Key words: irrigation amount irrigation frequency tomato cultivation tomato yield nutrient elements |
