| 摘要: |
| 【目的】调查和分析陕西关中平原农户施肥现状，为指导农民合理施肥提供参考。【方法】于2011-10－2012-03，在陕西省冬小麦/夏玉米轮作区，选择有代表性的10个县(区)（岐山、陈仓、扶风、泾阳、武功、兴平、杨凌、蒲城、富平、临渭），在每个县（区）选择代表性乡镇4～18个，每乡镇选择代表性村3～10个，每村选择4～5家农户，采用实地问卷调查形式，对冬小麦、夏玉米产量及田间管理和施肥情况进行调查，并对调查数据进行分析和评价。【结果】关中平原小麦纯N、P2O5和K2O平均用量分别为（210±106），（183±121）和（25±49） kg/hm2，小麦平均产量为（6.5±1.0） t/hm2；夏玉米纯N、P2O5和K2O平均用量分别为 (288±113)，(45±88)和(12±30) kg/hm2，玉米平均产量为(6.2±1.2) t/hm2。冬小麦施氮量适中的农户占33.6%，施氮量很低的农户占3.5%，偏低的占 7.6%，偏高的占16.8%，很高的占 38.5%。夏玉米施氮量适中的农户占11.2%，施氮量很低的占4.4%，偏低的占 6.2%，偏高的占 13.5%，很高的占64.7%。冬小麦 N、P2O5和K2O 主要以基肥方式施入，其中基施的N肥占总氮投入量的 90%以上；夏玉米氮肥主要以拔节期追肥方式施入，基施氮肥约占总氮量的10%。冬小麦N、P2O5和K2O平均偏生产力分别为31.0，35.5，260.0 kg/kg；夏玉米分别为21.5，137.8，516.7 kg/kg。【结论】在关中平原小麦/玉米轮作体系中，氮肥施用过量严重，且前期投入偏多、后期投入偏少；磷肥偏高是目前该体系养分资源投入中的另一个问题，未来需要进一步加强对农民的宣传培训，使其科学合理施肥。 |
| 关键词: 陕西关中平原 冬小麦/夏玉米 产量 养分投入 偏生产力 |
| DOI： |
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| 基金项目:“十二五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD11B05) |
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| Investigation and evaluation of fertilization under winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province |
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CHANG Yan-li,LIU Jun-mei,LI Yu-hui,et al
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| Abstract: |
| 【Objective】 Investigation and analysis of fertilization were conducted to provide information for improving regional fertilizing practice.【Method】 We carried out a questionnaire survey through Oct.2011 to Mar.2012 in 10 representative counties (Qishan,Chencang,Fufeng,Jingyang,Wugong,Xingping,Yangling,Pucheng,Fuping,and Linwei) in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province.In each county,4－18 towns were chosen,with 3－10 villages each town and 4－5 households each village.Survey on the fertilization regimes of the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system was conducted and the results were summarized and evaluated.【Result】 The average application rates of N,P2O5 and K2O for winter wheat were (210±106),(183±121) and (25±49) kg/hm2,respectively,and the mean grain yield of winter wheat was (6.5±1.0) t/hm2.The mean yield of summer maize was (6.2±1.2) t/hm2,and mean application rates of N,P2O5 and K2O were (288±113),(45±88) and (12±30) kg/hm2,respectively.N application rates of 33.6% households were at an optimal level,3.5% were at a very low level,7.6% were at a low level,16.8% were at a high level and 38.5% were at a very high level.For summer maize,N fertilizer application rates of more than 70% households were higher than the recommended rate,11% were at a lower level,and 11.2% were at the optimal range.Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients were mainly applied as basal dressing for winter wheat,and the basal N accounted for 90% of the total.For summer maize,N,P2O5 and K2O nutrients were mainly applied as top dressing at jointing stage,and the N used as top dressing accounted for 90% of the total.The partial factor productivity (PFP) values of N,P2O5 and K2O for winter wheat were 31.0,35.5 and 260.0 kg/kg,respectively,and those for summer maize were 21.5,137.8 and 516.7 kg/kg,respectively.【Conclusion】 In the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in Guanzhong Plain,over application of nitrogen fertilizer was severe with too much N as starter.Over application of phosphorus fertilizer was another key problem.Therefore,efforts should be made to educate the farmers for scientific and rational use of fertilizers. |
| Key words: Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi Province winter wheat/summer maize crop yield fertilization partial factor productivity |
